Local and systemic resistance to fungal pathogens triggered by an AVR9-mediated hypersensitive response in tomato and oilseed rape carrying the Cf-9 resistance gene

Tomato and transgenic oilseed rape plants expressing the Cf-9 resistance gene develop a hypersensitive response (HR) after injection of the corresponding Avr9 gene product. It was investigated whether induction of a HR conferred resistance to different fungal pathogens in tomato and oilseed rape. Induction of an AVR9 mediated HR at the pathogen infection site delayed the development of the biotrophs Oidium lycopersicum in tomato and Erysiphe polygoni in oilseed rape, but enhanced the development of the necrotrophs Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani in tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. Interestingly, delayed fungal disease development was observed in plant tissues surrounding the HR lesion regardless of whether a necrotrophic or biotrophic pathogen was used. In tomato, AVR9 injection induced systemic expression of PR1, PR2 and PR3 defence genes but did not induce systemic resistance to O. lycopersicum, B. cinerea or A. solani. In oilseed rape, AVR9 injection temporarily induced systemic resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans and E. polygoni, but did not induce detectable systemic expression of PR1, PR2 or Cxc750. These results give new insights into the potential uses of an induced HR to engineer disease resistance.     

核盘菌在亚麻上侵染致病的微观过程

 第1次利用电子显微镜对核盘菌在亚麻叶片上侵染致病的微观过程进行深入细致的观察。结果表明,该菌在侵入叶表面之前可能产生某些酶类物质来软化溶解亚麻叶表面角质层,以帮助该菌对叶表面的侵入。本文还对菌丝和子囊孢子侵染过程的异同进行了比较。     

吉林省向日葵菌核病综合防治措施研究及大面积应用效果

在重茬4年的重病地块晚播(5月20日—25日)向日葵,其花腐型菌核病比正常播期(4月25日)减少90％以上,而产量提高13％—30％。在农村扩大示范,晚播(5月19日)减少病害59％—75％,产量提高35％。在盛花期—成熟期喷2—3次50％速克灵500倍液可大大减轻花腐型菌核病的发生(防治效果65.9％—92.3％)。经筛选以速克灵(0.5％)拌种防治根腐型菌核病效果最好,在温室中对土壤和种子中的病菌防治效果达83％以上,小区试验和农村示范防治效果达55.8％—100％。土壤中增施钾肥可提高植株抗病力,减轻发病。1990年在吉林省农安、长岭2县8533ha采用晚播、轮作2年以上、种子处理、增施钾肥、盛花期—成熟期喷药的一套综合防治措施,重点调查10块对比田,花腐型菌核病平均防治效果为87.62％(63.38％—100％),对根腐型菌核病防治效果平均为66.77％(50.0％—82.57％)。1991年在长岭、农安等6个主产区推广6.37万ha,重点调查134块对比田,花腐型菌核病防治效果平均为75.86％(46.37％—100％),根腐型菌核病平均防治效果为65.11％(33.33％—100％),增产增收显著。     

油菜菌核病抗(耐)病性筛选方法的研究

本文评价了不同接种鉴定方法在油菜菌核病抗(耐)病性筛选上的应用。结果表明:花期离体或活体叶片菌丝体接种和限期接种法能显著区分不同品种(系)的抗感水平;苗期菌丝体悬浮液接种和试管苗接种法适于早期育种世代进行大规模筛选。对83份品种(系)鉴定结果,821、083等呈轻度感病,大部分属中感至高感范围。     

Tolerance ofsclerotinia sclerotiorum to glyceollin i,a soybean phytoalexin

Glyceollin I was fungistatic rather than fungicidal towardSclerotinia sclerotiorum. Within the mycelial mat apical cells were more vulnerable than mature cells.S. sclerotiorum removed large amounts of glyceollin from solution by a non-energy-requiring process. Contribution from Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica.     

An inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis — Difluoromethylornithine — and the polyamine spermidine for the control of gray mold(Botrytis Cinerea)

Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) — an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, and the polyamine spermidine (Spd) reduced gray mold of tomato, pepper, eggplant, bean andSenecio sp. leaves, and of rose petals by 37–88% when applied at 0.1–1.0 mM each. Higher doses did not result in better control. The disease was also reduced significantly on tomato fruits by 1.0 inM DFMO and by 0.1–1.0 mM Spd, and on cucumber fruits by 0.1–1.0 mM of both compounds, but not on grape berries. The combination of 0.2 mM DFMO with 1.0 mM Spd controlled gray mold ofSenecio sp. and tomato leaves additively better than either treatment alone, whereas this effect was not observed in leaves of lettuce and pepper. Ethylene production was reduced significantly by Spd applied to leaves of tomato and pepper, but not by DFMO. Linear growth and germination of the fungus were affected by lower concentrations of DFMO (ED50 0.12–0.97 and 1.4, respectively) as compared with Spd. Spermidine and DFMO controlled white mold(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) as effectively as did the fungicide benomyl. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 3195-E, 1991 series.     

蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性及防病应用潜力评估

【目的】评价蔬菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）对新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性,明确药剂对不同发育阶段菌核病菌的毒力效应以及氟吡菌酰胺防治蔬菜菌核病的作用方式和田间应用效果,以指导氟吡菌酰胺的科学使用。【方法】从山东省昌乐、寿光、青州、临朐和泰安等地的蔬菜产区采集173株来自黄瓜、番茄、茄子、西葫芦、芸豆、辣椒等6种作物上的田间菌核病发病组织,室内分离纯化后采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性;测定氟吡菌酰胺对病菌菌核产量、菌核形态和菌核菌丝型萌发的影响;采用离体茄子叶片接种试验确定氟吡菌酰胺防治菌核病的作用方式;最后通过两年田间药效试验进一步验证其实际应用效果。【结果】氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌丝生长具有较强的抑制活性,且对来自不同作物的173株菌核病菌的抑制中浓度（EC₅₀）差异不大,分布在0.02-0.30 μg·mL^-1,表明这些菌株可被用来分析蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺的敏感性水平。EC₅₀频率分布图呈单峰偏正态曲线分布,变异系数较小,表明该地区的蔬菜菌核病菌对氟吡菌酰胺均表现敏感。氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌核产量、菌核形态以及菌核菌丝型萌发具有较高的抑制活性。在氟吡菌酰胺1.6 μg·mL^-1处理浓度下,该药剂对3株来自不同作物的菌核病菌表现出相同的抑制趋势,其菌核的数量和干重均明显降低,形态明显变小,表明该药剂能够有效地减少菌核病菌的初侵染源数量,并降低其侵染活性;而经过连续3 d的观察,5 μg·mL^-1氟吡菌酰胺对3株病菌的菌核菌丝型萌发的抑制率均在95%以上,表明该药剂有能力抑制菌核病菌的这一侵染方式,从而保护作物茎基部免受菌丝侵染。离体叶片接种防治试验表明,氟吡菌酰胺具有保护作用与治疗作用,40 μg·mL^-1的保护效果为100.00%,治疗效果为88.81%,显著高于对照药剂多菌灵和菌核净的防治效果,但该药剂对菌核病的保护作用明显优于治疗作用,表明该药剂在田间使用时应在病害发病前或发病初期使用,从而获得较好的防治效果。2016和2017两年的田间药效试验中,氟吡菌酰胺200 g a.i./hm²处理对茄子菌核病的防治效果分别为90.30%和87.60%,显著高于氟吡菌酰胺其他施用剂量以及对照药剂菌核净600 g a.i./hm²、多菌灵1 150 g a.i./hm²的防治效果。【结论】新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂氟吡菌酰胺对菌核病菌的菌丝生长、菌核形成及萌发均具有较高的抑制活性,且在田间能够有效地控制菌核病发生,因此该药剂是防治菌核病的高效药剂,可作为现有防治药剂的补充。     

油菜与核盘菌互作分子机理研究进展

菌核病是由核盘菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary）引起的真菌性病害,每年导致油菜（Brassica napus L.）产量损失10%-20%,是制约我国油菜生产最主要的病害。培育抗（耐）病油菜品种是防治油菜菌核病最为经济有效的途径。本文主要综述了近五年油菜-核盘菌互作分子机制的研究进展。研究表明：（1）核盘菌侵染寄主早期存在活体营养型阶段;（2）草酸提供的酸性pH,而非草酸本身,是核盘菌的必需致病因子;（3）核盘菌有效地利用效应蛋白抑制寄主的抗病反应或者诱导寄主细胞坏死以帮助其侵染;（4）油菜对菌核病的抗性具有中等遗传力,为数量抗性;（5）病原相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular pattern, PAMP）引发的免疫反应（PAMP-triggered immunity, PTI）是油菜对核盘菌产生数量抗性的主要根源;（6）功能基因组学研究表明抗（耐）病油菜材料防卫反应更加剧烈,能有效调控细胞内的氧化还原平衡状态,及时清除过量活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）的积累,抑制细胞死亡。核盘菌-油菜互作分子机制的研究将有助于指导油菜抗菌核病育种。     

粉红螺旋聚孢霉高效生防菌株的筛选与评价

粉红螺旋聚孢霉Clonostachys rosea是一种重要的植物病原生防真菌。本研究测定了不同地理来源的42株粉红螺旋聚孢霉菌株对核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌核的寄生能力,以及菌株几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,同时测定了不同菌株对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的拮抗作用以及对番茄果实灰霉病的防治效果。结果表明,不同来源的粉红螺旋聚孢霉菌株对核盘菌菌核均有一定的寄生能力,45.2%的菌株寄生能力达到4级,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性与其寄生能力呈极显著正相关。研究发现,粉红螺旋聚孢霉菌株对番茄灰霉病菌有一定的拮抗作用,抑制率最高可达78.4%;HN-56、STG-21-1、GS6-1等菌株对离体番茄果实灰霉病的防效达到75%以上,显示出良好的生防潜力。本研究为丰富植物真菌病害生防资源和高效粉红螺旋聚孢霉生防制剂的研发奠定了基础。